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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Data conversion</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about conversion of file formats. For conversion of data types, see <a href="Type_conversion" title="Type conversion">Type conversion</a>. For conversion of analog information to digital data, see <a href="Analog-to-digital_converter" title="Analog-to-digital converter">Analog-to-digital converter</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="Data_transformation_(computing)" title="Data transformation (computing)">Data transformation</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E7C6A5; padding:2px">

Concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Metadata" title="Metadata">Metadata</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_element" title="Data element">Data element</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_mapping" title="Data mapping">Data mapping</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_migration" title="Data migration">Data migration</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_transformation_(computing)" title="Data transformation (computing)">Data transformation</a></li>

<li><a href="Model_transformation" title="Model transformation">Model transformation</a></li>

<li><a href="Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">Macro</a></li>

<li><a href="Preprocessor" title="Preprocessor">Preprocessor</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E7C6A5; padding:2px">

<a href="Transformation_language" title="Transformation language">Transformation languages</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<li><a href="XML_transformation_language" title="XML transformation language">XML languages</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E7C6A5; padding:2px">

Techniques and transforms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Identity_transform" title="Identity transform">Identity transform</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_refinement" class="mw-redirect" title="Data refinement">Data refinement</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E7C6A5; padding:2px">

Applications</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul>

<li><a href="Data_migration" title="Data migration">Data migration</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_integration" title="Data integration">Data integration</a></li>

<li><a href="Extract%2C_transform%2C_load" title="Extract, transform, load">Extract, transform, load</a> (ETL)</li>

<li><a href="Web_template_system" title="Web template system">Web template system</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E7C6A5; padding:2px">

Related</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Data_wrangling" title="Data wrangling">Data wrangling</a></li>

<li><a href="Transformation_language" title="Transformation language">Transformation languages</a></li></ul></td>

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<p><b>Data conversion</b> is the conversion of <a href="Computer_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer data">computer data</a> from one <a href="File_format" title="File format">format</a> to another. Throughout a computer environment, data is <a href="Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">encoded</a> in a variety of ways. For example, <a href="Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">computer hardware</a> is built on the basis of certain standards, which requires that data contains, for example, <a href="Parity_bit" title="Parity bit">parity bit</a> checks. Similarly, the <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> is predicated on certain standards for data and file handling. Furthermore, each computer program handles data in a different manner. Whenever any one of these variables is changed, data must be converted in some way before it can be used by a different computer, operating system or program. Even different versions of these elements usually involve different data structures. For example, the changing of <a href="Bit" title="Bit">bits</a> from one format to another, usually for the purpose of application interoperability or of the capability of using new features, is merely a data conversion. Data conversions may be as simple as the conversion of a <a href="Text_file" title="Text file">text file</a> from one <a href="Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character encoding</a> system to another; or more complex, such as the conversion of office file formats, or the <a href="Image_conversion" title="Image conversion">conversion of image formats</a> and <a href="Audio_file_format" title="Audio file format">audio file formats</a>.

</p><p>There are many ways in which data is converted within the computer environment. This may be seamless, as in the case of upgrading to a newer version of a computer program. Alternatively, the conversion may require processing by the use of a special conversion program, or it may involve a complex process of going through intermediary stages, or involving complex "exporting" and "importing" procedures, which may include converting to and from a tab-delimited or comma-separated text file. In some cases, a program may recognize several data file formats at the data input stage and then is also capable of storing the output data in several different formats. Such a program may be used to convert a file format. If the source format or target format is not recognized, then at times a third program may be available which permits the conversion to an intermediate format, which can then be reformatted using the first program. There are many possible scenarios.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Information_basics">Information basics</h2></div>

<p>Before any data conversion is carried out, the user or application programmer should keep a few basics of computing and <a href="Information_theory" title="Information theory">information theory</a> in mind. These include:

</p>

<ul><li>Information can easily be discarded by the computer, but adding information takes effort.</li>

<li>The computer can add information only in a rule-based fashion. </li>

<li>Upsampling the data or converting to a more <a href="Feature-rich" class="mw-redirect" title="Feature-rich">feature-rich</a> format does not add information; it merely makes room for that addition, which usually a human must do.</li>

<li>Data stored in an electronic format can be quickly modified and analyzed.</li></ul>

<p>For example, a <a href="24-bit_color" class="mw-redirect" title="24-bit color">true color</a> image can easily be converted to <a href="Grayscale" title="Grayscale">grayscale</a>, while the opposite conversion is a painstaking process. Converting a <a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> text file to a <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> (DOS/Windows) text file involves adding characters, but this does not increase the <a href="Entropy_(information_theory)" title="Entropy (information theory)">entropy</a> since it is rule-based; whereas the addition of color information to a grayscale image cannot be reliably done programmatically, as it requires adding new information, so any attempt to add color would require <a href="Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">estimation</a> by the computer based on previous knowledge. Converting a 24-bit <a href="PNG" title="PNG">PNG</a> to a 48-bit one does not add information to it, it only pads existing <a href="RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a> pixel values with zeroes, so that a pixel with a value of FF C3 56, for example, becomes FF00 C300 5600. The conversion makes it possible to change a pixel to have a value of, for instance, FF80 C340 56A0, but the conversion itself does not do that, only further manipulation of the image can. Converting an image or audio file in a <a href="Lossy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossy">lossy</a> format (like <a href="JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a> or <a href="Vorbis" title="Vorbis">Vorbis</a>) to a <a href="Lossless" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossless">lossless</a> (like PNG or <a href="FLAC" title="FLAC">FLAC</a>) or uncompressed (like <a href="Windows_bitmap" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows bitmap">BMP</a> or <a href="WAV" title="WAV">WAV</a>) format only wastes space, since the same image with its loss of original information (the artifacts of lossy compression) becomes the target. A JPEG image can never be restored to the quality of the original image from which it was made, no matter how much the user tries the <a href="JPEG_artifact" class="mw-redirect" title="JPEG artifact">JPEG artifact</a> removal feature of his or her image manipulation program.

</p><p>Automatic restoration of information that was lost through a <a href="Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">lossy compression</a> process would probably require important advances in <a href="Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>.

</p><p>Because of these realities of computing and information theory, data conversion is often a complex and error-prone process that requires the help of experts.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pivotal_conversion">Pivotal conversion</h2></div>

<p>Data conversion can occur directly from one format to another, but many applications that convert between multiple formats use an <a href="Intermediate_representation" title="Intermediate representation">intermediate representation</a> by way of which any source format is converted to its target.<sup id="cite_ref-ManolescuVoelter2006_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ManolescuVoelter2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, it is possible to convert <a href="Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> text from <a href="KOI8-R" title="KOI8-R">KOI8-R</a> to <a href="Windows-1251" title="Windows-1251">Windows-1251</a> using a lookup table between the two encodings, but the modern approach is to convert the KOI8-R file to <a href="Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> first and from that to Windows-1251. This is a more manageable approach; rather than needing lookup tables for all possible pairs of character encodings, an application needs only one lookup table for each character set, which it uses to convert to and from Unicode, thereby scaling the number of tables down from hundreds to a few tens.

</p><p>Pivotal conversion is similarly used in other areas. Office applications, when employed to convert between office file formats, use their internal, default file format as a pivot. For example, a <a href="Word_processor" title="Word processor">word processor</a> may convert an <a href="Rich_Text_Format" title="Rich Text Format">RTF</a> file to a <a href="WordPerfect" title="WordPerfect">WordPerfect</a> file by converting the RTF to <a href="OpenDocument" title="OpenDocument">OpenDocument</a> and then that to WordPerfect format. An image conversion program does not convert a <a href="PCX" title="PCX">PCX</a> image to PNG directly; instead, when loading the PCX image, it decodes it to a simple bitmap format for internal use in memory, and when commanded to convert to PNG, that memory image is converted to the target format. An audio converter that converts from <a href="FLAC" title="FLAC">FLAC</a> to <a href="Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="Advanced Audio Coding">AAC</a> decodes the source file to raw <a href="PCM" class="mw-redirect" title="PCM">PCM</a> data in memory first, and then performs the lossy AAC compression on that memory image to produce the target file.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lost_and_inexact_data_conversion">Lost and inexact data conversion</h2></div>

<p>The objective of data conversion is to maintain all of the data, and as much of the embedded information as possible. This can only be done if the target format supports the same features and data structures present in the source file. Conversion of a word processing document to a plain text file necessarily involves loss of formatting information, because plain text format does not support word processing constructs such as marking a word as boldface. For this reason, conversion from one format to another which does not support a feature that is important to the user is rarely carried out, though it may be necessary for interoperability, e.g. converting a file from one version of <a href="Microsoft_Word" title="Microsoft Word">Microsoft Word</a> to an earlier version to enable transfer and use by other users who do not have the same later version of Word installed on their computer.

</p><p>Loss of information can be mitigated by approximation in the target format. There is no way of converting a character like <i>ä</i> to <a href="ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>, since the ASCII standard lacks it, but the information may be retained by approximating the character as <i>ae</i>. Of course, this is not an optimal solution, and can impact operations like searching and copying; and if a language makes a distinction between <i>ä</i> and <i>ae</i>, then that approximation does involve loss of information.

</p><p>Data conversion can also suffer from inexactitude, the result of converting between formats that are conceptually different. The <a href="WYSIWYG" title="WYSIWYG">WYSIWYG</a> paradigm, extant in word processors and <a href="Desktop_publishing" title="Desktop publishing">desktop publishing</a> applications, versus the structural-descriptive paradigm, found in <a href="SGML" class="mw-redirect" title="SGML">SGML</a>, <a href="XML" title="XML">XML</a> and many applications derived therefrom, like <a href="HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> and <a href="MathML" title="MathML">MathML</a>, is one example. Using a WYSIWYG HTML editor conflates the two paradigms, and the result is HTML files with suboptimal, if not nonstandard, code. In the WYSIWYG paradigm a double linebreak signifies a new paragraph, as that is the visual cue for such a construct, but a WYSIWYG HTML editor will usually convert such a sequence to <BR><BR>, which is structurally no new paragraph at all. As another example, converting from <a href="PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a> to an editable word processor format is a tough chore, because PDF records the textual information like engraving on stone, with each character given a fixed position and linebreaks hard-coded, whereas word processor formats accommodate text reflow. PDF does not know of a word space character—the space between two letters and the space between two words differ only in quantity. Therefore, a title with ample letter-spacing for effect will usually end up with spaces in the word processor file, for example INTRODUCTION with spacing of 1 <a href="Em_(typography)" title="Em (typography)">em</a> as I N T R O D U C T I O N on the word processor.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Open_vs._secret_specifications">Open vs. secret specifications</h2></div>

<p>Successful data conversion requires thorough knowledge of the workings of both source and target formats. In the case where the specification of a format is unknown, <a href="Reverse_engineering" title="Reverse engineering">reverse engineering</a> will be needed to carry out conversion. Reverse engineering can achieve close approximation of the original specifications, but errors and missing features can still result.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electronics">Electronics</h2></div>

<p>Data format conversion can also occur at the physical layer of an electronic communication system. Conversion between <a href="Line_code" title="Line code">line codes</a> such as <a href="Non-return-to-zero" title="Non-return-to-zero">NRZ</a> and <a href="Return-to-zero" title="Return-to-zero">RZ</a> can be accomplished when necessary.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">Character encoding</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_programming_languages_(basic_instructions)#Data_conversions" title="Comparison of programming languages (basic instructions)">Comparison of programming languages (basic instructions)#Data conversions</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_migration" title="Data migration">Data migration</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_transformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Data transformation">Data transformation</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_wrangling" title="Data wrangling">Data wrangling</a></li>

<li><a href="Transcoding" title="Transcoding">Transcoding</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_Data_Management_Architecture" title="Distributed Data Management Architecture">Distributed Data Management Architecture</a> (DDM)</li>

<li><a href="Code_conversion_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Code conversion (computing)">Code conversion (computing)</a></li>

<li><a href="Source-to-source_translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Source-to-source translation">Source-to-source translation</a></li>

<li><a href="Presentation_layer" title="Presentation layer">Presentation layer</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://v2.youconvert.net/ena/">Video Converting</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFDragos-Anton_ManolescuMarkus_VoelterJames_Noble2006" class="citation book cs1">Dragos-Anton Manolescu; Markus Voelter; James Noble (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9ywUYmxstnAC&q=%22data+conversion%22+%22intermediate+representation%22&pg=PA271"><i>Pattern Languages of Program Design 5</i></a>. Addison-Wesley Professional. pp. 271–. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-321-32194-7</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<p><cite id="CITEREFManolescu2006" class="citation book cs1">Manolescu, FirstName (2006). <i>Pattern Languages of Program Design 5</i>. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Addison-Wesley. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0321321944</bdi>.</cite>

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